猫艾滋（FIV）与白血病（FeLV）：检测、隔离与共处原则
2026/10/3· 约 4 分钟读完· 25 个要点
FIV 与 FeLV 的传播方式、预后与管理完全不同，混为一谈会导致错误决策。这篇按澳新 FeLV/FIV 诊断与防控指南，讲清检测时机、疫苗与多猫家庭怎么安排。
一、两者不是一回事
| | FIV（猫免疫缺陷病毒） | FeLV（猫白血病病毒） |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 主要传播 | 深度咬伤（打斗争夺） | 唾液密切接触、共用食盆砂盆、母婴 |
| 常见后果 | 慢性免疫抑制、口炎、反复感染 | 免疫抑制、贫血、淋巴瘤风险 |
| 家庭管理 | 感染猫可长期存活，需减少打斗 | 需严格隔离，预后差别更大 |
二、检测时机很重要
指南强调：新猫入户、出现临床症状、疫苗接种前、多猫家庭引入新成员时都应检测；同时要注意窗口期——感染后需要一定时间才能被检测出，必要时复检[1][2]。
FeLV 还可进一步区分抗原状态（持续感染 vs 一过性），这直接决定隔离时长与预后判断[2]。
三、阳性不等于"必须安乐"
这是最常见的误解：
- FeLV/FIV 阳性猫可以在室内饲养下生活多年，关键是减少应激、控制继发感染、定期体检[1]；
- FIV 阳性猫建议室内饲养、不外放，减少打斗传播机会；
- FeLV 阳性猫建议与阴性猫严格分开饲养（食盆、水盆、砂盆不共用）。
科研依据与原文（可直接查看）
下列每条都是本文引用的同行评议文献，本站已把原文摘要抓下来，点「展开原文摘要」即可在站内阅读； 需要看全文时可点 PubMed / Europe PMC / DOI 任一入口（多条备选，避免单点打不开）。
- 1
Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians
Westman ME, Malik R, Norris JM · Australian veterinary journal · 2019
👉 临床检测时机、窗口期与结果解读，支撑"入户前检测+必要时复检"。
展开原文摘要（英文，2456 字）
With the commercial release in Australia in 2004 of a vaccine against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV; Fel-O-Vax FIV®), the landscape for FIV diagnostics shifted substantially. Point-of-care (PoC) antibody detection kits, which had been the mainstay for diagnosing FIV infection since the early 1990s, were no longer considered accurate to use in FIV-vaccinated cats, because of the production of vaccine-induced antibodies that were considered indistinguishable from those produced in natural FIV infections. Consequently, attention shifted to alternative diagnostic methods such as nucleic acid detection. However, over the past 5 years we have published a series of studies emphasising that FIV PoC test kits vary in their methodology, resulting in differing accuracy in FIV-vaccinated cats. Importantly, we demonstrated that two commercially available FIV antibody test kits (Witness™ and Anigen Rapid™) were able to accurately distinguish between FIV-vaccinated and FIV-infected cats, concluding that testing with either kit offers an alternative to PCR testing. This review summarises pertinent findings from our work published in a variety of peer-reviewed research journals to inform veterinarians (particularly veterinarians in Australia, New Zealand and Japan, where the FIV vaccine is currently commercially available) about how the approach to the diagnosis of FIV infection has shifted. Included in this review is our work investigating the performance of three commercially available FIV PoC test kits in FIV-vaccinated cats and our recommendations for the diagnosis of FIV infection; the effect of primary FIV vaccination (three FIV vaccines, 4 weeks apart) on PoC test kit performance; our recommendations regarding annual testing of FIV-vaccinated cats to detect 'vaccine breakthroughs'; and the potential off-label use of saliva for the diagnosis of FIV infection using some FIV PoC test kits. We also investigated the accuracy of the same three brands of test kits for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) diagnosis, using both blood and saliva as diagnostic specimens. Based on these results, we discuss our recommendations for confirmatory testing when veterinarians are presented with a positive FeLV PoC test kit result. Finally, we conclude with our results from the largest and most recent FIV and FeLV seroprevalence study conducted in Australia to date. © 2019 Australian Veterinary Association.
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